![]() 2.2 Extraction procedure of melanin from Auricularia auricula waste residueĪuricularia auricula waste residue was added into a NaOH solution and placed in an ultrasonic bath with temperature and power control (PS-G60, JieKang Ultrasonic Equipment) to investigate the effects of various factors on the yield of melanin. Chemical reagents such as sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol, salicylic acid, ferrous sulfate, and hydrogen peroxide were purchased from Sinopharm Co. ABTS radical and DPPH radical were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Human L02 hepatocyte cells were purchased from Fuheng Biological Technology Co. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials and chemicalsĪuricularia auricula waste residue powder was obtained by drying the powder of fruiting body after the polysaccharide was extracted. This work is of certain significance to the comprehensive utilization of A. auricula and also provides a reference for the utilization of the other edible fungus waste residue resources. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity of the melanin were explored. In order to make the best use of the various active ingredients of A. auricula, the waste residue of A. auricula fruiting body after extraction of polysaccharide was selected as raw material to study the extraction process of melanin. Thus, extracting the melanin from the waste residues of A. auricula can promote the comprehensive utilization and expand the application value of A. auricula. It has been reported that A. auricula melanin has good hepatoprotective (Hou et al., 2019) and antimicrobial activities (Bin, Wei, Xiaohong, Wei, Xiaohong, Mei, & Mingsheng, 2012). Due to the special properties of melanin that are insoluble in water and organic solvents (Madhusudhan, Mazhari, Dastager, Mazhari, Dastager, & Agsar, 2014 Sun, Zhang, Chen, Zhang, Chen, Zhang, & Zhu, 2016), melanin still remains in the waste residues of A. auricula fruit body after extracting polysaccharides and other active substances. However, large amount of A. auricula waste residue will be produced during the extraction process of polysaccharides, and there is no good way to deal with these waste residues. At present, most researches have focused on the extraction and bioactivity of the polysaccharides from A. auricular (Bao et al., 2017 Qiu, Zhang, Wang, Zhang, Wang, Liu, & Regenstein, 2016 Xu et al., 2018). Growing concerns over the huge amount of substrate wastes of A. auricula to the squander of resources and the contamination of environmental comes with the boom of A. auricula industry. ![]() Modern pharmacological studies have shown that A. auricula have many biological activities such as antioxidant (Xu et al., 2018), improve immunity (Nguyen, Wang, et al., 2012), and antitumor (Ma et al., 2018). Melanin has many biological activities, such as eliminate free radical (Kim et al., 2017), antitumor (Shi et al., 2018), and anti-radiation (Ye et al., 2014).Īuricularia auricula is a popular edible mushroom in East Asia, especially in China, Japan, and Korea (Nguyen, Chen, et al., 2012 Sękara, Kalisz, Grabowska, Kalisz, Grabowska, & Siwulski, 2015). Melanin is a kind of irregular pigment that composed of phenolic or indolic monomers, existing in animals, plants, and microorganisms (Huang et al., 2018). In addition to create the ideal color, natural pigments can also be used as functional ingredients (Li, Zhang, & Liu, 2013). At present, the safety of synthetic pigments has been paid more and more attention, and the application of natural pigments has aroused people's interest. ![]() Cell morphology observation confirmed that the melanin ameliorated the morphological changes of cells induced by oxidative stress. Waste residue melanin significantly inhibited the cell death caused by H 2O 2, and the cell viability was restored to 98.09 ± 5.97% when the melanin concentration was 1.6 mg/ml. There was no significant difference between A. auricula melanin control group and waste residue melanin on ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Melanin had a good solubility in alkali solution and exhibited a certain stability to thermal. The results indicated that the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process could be used to extract the melanin from A. auricula waste residue. Furthermore, the chemical antioxidant activity of waste residue melanin and its protective effect on cell oxidative injury induced by H 2O 2 were investigated. In order to promote the comprehensive utilization of the Auricularia auricula waste residue, the extraction process and the physicochemical properties of melanin from A. auricula waste residue were studied.
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